Harvard University
1776 at Harvard
From training the leaders of the burgeoning nation to housing soldiers during the American Revolution, Harvard played an important role in early America.
in New England,” William Burgis, 1726.
Founding Fathers from Harvard
Harvard alumni and key figures of the American Revolution, John Adams, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock, all signed the Declaration of Independence.
John Hancock
John Hancock received a bachelor’s degree from Harvard College in 1754. He served as president of the Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence with his famously large signature.
Samuel Adams
Samuel Adams earned his bachelor’s degree from Harvard in 1740, and his master’s in 1743. At the Continental Congress he emerged as an outspoken advocate for establishing independence.
John Adams
John Adams graduated from Harvard College graduated from Harvard College in 1755, and earned his master’s in 1758. He attended the First Continental Congress and emerged as the leader of the pro-independence faction in Congress.
The Declaration of Independence
Harvard holds a Dunlap broadside copy of the original Declaration of Independence at Houghton Library. Students in David Armitage’s “Declarations of Independence” seminar view this copy and discuss how the document revolutionized global politics.
Revolutionary reorganization
Cambridge and Boston were key sites during the revolutionary period. A special self-guided, mobile tour from Harvard offers unique insights about notable places on and around campus and reveals the historical context behind them.
On May 1, 1775, Harvard undergraduates were dismissed early for the year. Two months later, General George Washington set up his first Massachusetts headquarters in Harvard’s Wadsworth House. Meanwhile, more than 1,500 soldiers moved into five other Harvard buildings nearby.
Classes resumed for Harvard students on October 5, but students reported to class 20 miles away in Concord, Massachusetts.
History at Harvard
George Washington’s honorary degree
On April 3, 1776 Harvard President Samuel Langdon and the fellows of the College voted to award General George Washington an honorary doctoral degree. Washington’s diploma is currently in the Library of Congress, but a reproduction is part of the Harvard University Archives’ collections.
Listen to Harvard President Alan Garber read the honorary degree.
First commander in chief
Gentleman farmer, magistrate, and Harvard alum Artemas Ward took charge of the colonial militia in Cambridge in 1775 until relieved by George Washington.
Military doctor
Before founding Harvard Medical School, Harvard alum John Warren served as a surgeon in the Continental Army.
Revolutionary maps
Part of the collection at Harvard’s Houghton Library is a Revolutionary-era map drawn in October 1775 by British Lieutenant Richard Williams while he was stationed in Boston. The map captures a pivotal moment in the early American Revolution, showing a city almost completely surrounded by water, connected to the mainland by a narrow strip of land, and transformed by military occupation.
Paul Revere’s depiction of the Boston Massacre transformed a violent confrontation into a powerful political image that helped build support for the revolutionary cause.
The Harvard Divinity School Library collection includes rare items associated with Founding Fathers John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and George Washington.
This “book” is made of wood from an elm tree that stood near Harvard Yard. That elm is believed to be the tree under which George Washington took command of the Continental Army on July 3, 1775.
Revolutionary writing
Founding Father John Adams and his wife Abigail lived apart for much of their married life, and often corresponded via letters. Recently on campus, Harvard alumni Amy Brenneman and Courtney B. Vance read letters written between the historic pair.
Life in 1776
Celebrating 250 years
Throughout the year, events, exhibits, and collaborations at Harvard are exploring and commemorating the 250th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
The Tobacco Takers: Puritans, Pipes, and Bodily Care
Clay tobacco pipes often found at 17th-century archaeological sites in Massachusetts reveal widespread use, despite strict social and religious restrictions. Diana DiPaolo Loren discusses tobacco and tobacco pipes in Puritan New England.
America at 250 and Beyond: A Well-Informed Citizenry
Moderated by Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and professor Jill Lepore, this panel discussion focuses on the importance of a well-informed citizenry to the health of constitutional democracy.
Special Exhibit: Washington's Sash
George Washington created a system of colored sashes to denote rank, assigning “a light blue Ribband" to the commander-in-chief. A blue taffeta sash once belonging to Washington is on display at the Harvard Peabody Museum.
Charting Independence
Revolutionary War maps from the Harvard Map Collection that are part of the American Revolutionary Geographies Online collaborative database are on display at Pusey Library.
Harvard and the American Revolution
Through curated objects, documents, and narratives from the collections of the Harvard University Archives, this exhibit explores how the Harvard community helped shape—and was shaped by—the birth of the American republic.
A year of celebrations
Revisit some of the special events and happenings from the 250th anniversary of the United States.
The American Experiment at 250: Democracy & Disagreement, Harvard Law School
The American Experiment at 250: Law & Governance, Harvard Law School
Remembering the Revolution: The Siege of Boston, Faculty of Arts and Sciences
The American Revolution in Global Perspective, Weatherhead Center
Collecting Wonders–Tomorrow’s Discoveries, Harvard Museum of Natural History
Benjamin Franklin, Frankenstein, and the Age of Revolution, Faculty of Arts and Sciences
The Consent of the Governed: America at 250 and Beyond, Harvard Kennedy School
The Archaeology of Boston’s Revolutionary Past, Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology
National Treasure: The Declaration of Independence and the Making of American Democracy, Harvard Kennedy School Ash Center
War of Words: A Citizen’s Eye View of the Revolution, Harvard Library
A More Perfect Union: The Birth of the Constitution, Houghton Library
Schools and America’s 250th: Patriotism, Pluralism, and Civic Education, Harvard Graduate School of Education
The American Revolution: Lessons for the 250th, Harvard Radcliffe Institute